Author: redsprojects

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BIOPOLE at European Polar Science Week 2024

This September, Nadine Johnston, Aidan Hunter, and Jen Freer (BIOPOLE Members, BAS) set off for Copenhagen to attend the 2nd European Polar Science Week 2024 conference, jointly organised by the European Commission (Directorate General for Research and Innovation) and the European Space Agency. The aim of this conference was for key scientists and stakeholders of polar science to discuss major challenges and opportunities, promote networking and collaboration across projects and activities advancing the EC-ESA Polar research cooperation, and to provide policy recommendations (particularly areas for future research that could be funded by the EC-ESA). We participated in a BIOPOLE-led session dedicated to our favourite zooplankton – copepods! The session was entitled “Polar zooplankton, the seasonal lipid pump and carbon sequestration”.

We were so pleased to be able to run this session, as it brought together international researchers linked with BIOPOLE (including our BIOPOLE Science Partner PolarRES) to synthesise our current understanding of the lipid pump in both the Arctic and Antarctic.

Firstly, we heard about the lipid pump in the Southern Ocean from Guang Yang (Chinese Academy of Science) and Aidan Hunter (BIOPOLE and PolarRES scientist, BAS) who are using complementary methods to estimate current and future magnitudes of this pump by a range of Southern Ocean taxa including copepods, krill, and salps. Moving to the northern hemisphere, Sigrun Jonasdottir (DTU Denmark, BIOPOLE PAB member) presented results from EU funded project ECO-TIP which looked at the effect of phytoplankton community on copepod lipid storage, accumulation, and composition. Finally, Andre Visser (DTU Denmark) drew on best available data to provide a global estimate of carbon sequestered via the seasonal lipid pump and highlighted the key uncertainties and data gaps that emerged. He also introduced the concept that populations of marine species involved in biological carbon pumps are maintaining the vast pools of “legacy carbon” that have been laid down by previous marine biological generations. Human activities may push these reservoirs out of balance, emitting legacy carbon back into the atmosphere.

Guang Yang presents his work

Aidan Hunter presents his work

Sigrun Jonasdottir presents her work

Nadine Johnston, Geraint Tarling (BIOPOLE PI), and Andrew Meijers (BIOPOLE Member, BAS) also co-convened a session with a range of international collaborators, chaired by Stefanie Arndt and Alexander Haumann (AWI): ‘Taking the Pulse of the Southern Ocean: an Internationally Coordinated, Circumpolar, and Year-Round Mission – Antarctica InSync’. Nadine Johnston (and co-authors Geraint Tarling and Hauke Flores, BIOPOLE Science Partner representing WOBEC) delivered a presentation on how Antarctica InSync could address the big questions in Southern Ocean ecology from the coast to the deep ocean and the next steps required to achieve this. In this presentation we highlighted the work that BIOPOLE (and our PAB member Sigrun Jonasdottir and Science Partners PolarRES and WOBEC, and also Andre Visser and Guang Yang) are already doing to address these questions. This was complemented preceding presentations on Southern Ocean heat, freshwater, and carbon budgets – delivered by Andrew Meijers (BAS) and Marcel du Plessis (University of Gothenburg), sea ice decline – Petra Heil (UTAS), and ice shelves and coastal impacts – Tore Hatterman (Norske Polarinstitutt). Recurring themes through the presentations included the need for standardised observations (like our BIOPOLE Cookbook!), greater collaboration between observationists and modellers (like our BIOPOLE Modelling and Observations Working Group!), and appropriate funding to make it a success!

Alex Haumann introducing speakers for the session

After busy sessions and panel discussions, we enjoyed a wonderful dinner with our speakers (and fellow PolarRES and OCEAN:ICE scientists) in the glorious weather that graced our entire visit. However, our work did not end there as session summaries, including key messages and recommendations, will be included in a conference report that will be published and circulated to the polar research community to guide the EC-ESA’s future funding calls. We hope both the session and the report will raise awareness of the importance of copepods and the lipid pump and the wider work of BIOPOLE and our Science Partners in developing much needed climate models, observation and process studies to examine polar processes in the Earth System to a broad community of polar researchers.

Nyhavn in the sunshine, Copenhagen

Thanks to everyone who attended our session, and a special thanks to our invited speakers for sharing their research and enthusiasm on this important topic.

The authors of the article – Jen Freer, Nadine Johnston, Aidan Hunter, Andrew Meijers, and Geraint Tarling from British Antarctic Survey

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BIOPOLE at SCAR Open Science Conference 2024

I was lucky enough to attend the SCAR (Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research) Open Science Conference this August. This year’s location was Pucón, Chile – a small city famous for its adventure tourism and the picture-perfect volcano Villarrica which towers above its streets.

The week was packed with a diverse programme of plenary lectures, mini-symposia, parallel sessions, panel discussions, posters, and various socialising events (including an extra special end of conference party that got EVERYONE dancing).

Along with presenting some work on Antarctic krill and participating in an outreach talk that highlighted my involvement in science-poetry workshops, I was able to represent and raise the profile of BIOPOLE at several sessions. First, in the absence of Nadine Johnston I was invited to speak at the opening joint SCAR/COMNAP mini-symposium on “A Promising Future for Antarctic Research: Facilitation of circumpolar initiatives through science and science support partnerships”. At this, I gave an overview of the structure, success, and future plans of the well-established programme ICED (Integrating Climate and Ecosystem Dynamics in the Southern Ocean) which is a science partner of BIOPOLE. BIOPOLE featured as a key partner of ICED, especially in their involvement for 5th International Polar Year and the UN Decade of Ocean Science’s Southern Ocean Task Force (which has developed a Southern Ocean Action Plan and SCARS hosting of the UN Decade Collaborative Centre for the Southern Ocean). Secondly, I presented a poster on some of BIOPOLE WP2 tasks, led by Aidan Hunter (and BIOPOLE authors Nadine Johnston, Geraint Tarling, Kathryn Cook and Dan Mayor), in collating historical records of Southern Ocean copepods to better understand their role in the seasonal lipid pump. This poster started up some engaging conversations with other archivists and introduced the lipid pump to many for the first time.

Left: Jen speaking at the opening SCAR/COMNAP mini-symposium
Right: The speakers and panellists at the SCAR/COMNAP mini-symposium

Jen with the BIOPOLE poster

As well as delivering a talk to a packed ballroom of delegates, a personal highlight was listening to the emotive keynote talk of Prof. Meredith Nash, on “The reckoning: how #metooAntarctica is changing fieldwork”. I thank the organisers for giving this topic the space it deserves, and for the huge commitment to equality and diversity that was evidenced throughout the conference (see article by Huw and Pilvi – EDI at the SCAR Open Science Conference 2024  – Biopole).

Thanks to the local organising committee for making this such a fantastic event, and to all the delegates and speakers for inspiring interactions and discussions. 

The author of the article – Jen Freer from British Antarctic Survey 

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BIOPOLE on Zenodo and the UN’s Ocean Best Practices System (OBPS)

BIOPOLE now has a Community on Zenodo. This Community is linked to the NERC, BAS, NOC, UKCEH, BGS, and CPOM profiles held at the Research Organisation Registry (ROR). It is anticipated that Zenodo will serve as the main ‘home’ for all BIOPOLE outputs that can be shared widely and that are not published in peer-reviewed science or data journals or dedicated data repositories specified in the BIOPOLE Data Management Plan. The advantage of this open-access and open-source repository for digital research objects (e.g., publications, data, software, presentations) is that it has a version control function with assigned DOI. The Zenodo system registers two DOIs, a DOI representing the specific version of a record and a DOI representing all versions of a record so any updates to living documents, or any edits can be accommodated (so please keep your eye out for updated versions!). It is also possible to ‘tag’ other relevant Zenodo Communities on your DOI. In addition, Zenodo does not impose any requirements on format, size (below 50GB), access restrictions, or license, and data is stored in the CERN Data Centre for long-term, and all open content is openly accessible through open APIs.

We are currently populating this Community with BIOPOLE documents including our Programme Management Plan, Data Management Plan, Cookbook: Parameters and Analyses, Publications Guidelines, and Communications Plan, as well as our quarterly Newsletter (and potentially our Animation). We encourage the BIOPOLE Community (i.e., BIOPOLE Project Members, Science Partners, and Strategic Partners) to make use of this repository to publish any relevant BIOPOLE documents that will benefit the wider research community in our area and disseminate our approach, findings, and resources to others. Please do get in touch with BIOPOLE WP4 (Geraint Tarling, Nadine Johnston, Ruta Hamilton, Jess Richt, Elaina Ford) if you have any ideas for content you would like to personally upload, or that the BIOPOLE Community should consider uploading. As a reminder, please ensure the inclusion of all relevant authors using the BIOPOLE Publication Guidelines. To upload your BIOPOLE research content to Zenodo follow the instructions. Note that when completing the Metadata ‘Creator’ (or author) section, there is an option to insert a Name Identifier such as ORCID. To make completion of this Metadata easier we have created an ORCID tab on the BIOPOLE Monitoring Tracker spreadsheet in the BIOPOLE Shared Drive. If you have access to this file please add your OCID directly. If you do not have access, please contact Ruta Hamilton or Jess Richt, who will enter it on your behalf. Once you have completed all steps in the Upload process and pressed ‘Publish’, your content will be sent for ‘review’ by the ‘Editors’ (currently Petra ten Hoopen and Ruta Hamilton) and a DOI generated. If you have any problems, please do contact them directly as there will be an opportunity to make corrections or edits before they fully upload them to our BIOPOLE Zenodo Community!

In addition to publishing our BIOPOLE Cookbook on the Zenodo BIOPOLE Community, we have also published it on the Ocean Best Practices System (OBPS) a global initiative aimed at improving and standardising practices for collecting, analysing, and sharing ocean data and information. The OBPS is a programme of the United Nations Ocean Decade and supports ocean stakeholders in equitable sharing of methods for sustainable management of our oceans.

The BIOPOLE Cookbook is included in the OBPS Community ‘Polar Collaborations’ and the Collection ‘Polar Collaborations Capacity Sharing Hub’. It is anticipated that by doing this, we will promote the uptake of BIOPOLE’s standardised protocols in polar region nutrient (and eventually ecosystems) sampling among the wider polar research community. A shift in the polar research community to standardised approaches in all areas of sampling is crucial to allow for spatial and temporal comparisons (and interpolation and extrapolation) over vast areas of the Southern Ocean and to underpin modelling approaches and comparisons.

The authors of the article – Nadine Johnston, Petra ten Hoopen, Ruta Hamilton, Geraint Tarling from British Antarctic Survey

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Tana River Fieldwork 2024

Team UKCEH rendezvoused in the metropolis that is Alta airport before picking up their trusty vehicle steads and heading out to the soon to be named “cabin lab”, near Utsjoki in Finland. Despite team 1 undergoing a rigorous potato search at the border (fortunately potatoes were safely stashed in innocent looking team 2’s vehicle), we made it to our home for the next 10 days. Turns out the side cabin to our Airbnb cabin made an excellent little lab with the sauna providing the perfect tap to get our water purification system going.

Not the traditional use of a Finnish sauna, but “cabin lab” worked a treat

With the lab set up complete, operation science began, and we spent the next days driving up and down the river Tana taking water samples, greenhouse gas samples, running experiments, and Isabelle and Alex even managed to find some sediment amongst the sand and rocks. Never had we crossed borders so many times; fortunately the potato scare seemed to have passed and we were subject to no further potato searches. The basket ladies, Isabelle and Alex, got their basket experiments out and incubating away for a few days at some spots in the river and in Tanafjord, whilst the rest of the team headed out with friendly fisherman Sverre to sample the salinity gradients at the mouth of the Tana. Sverre didn’t bat an eyelid as drove around in circles hunting the gradient down, though suspect he was thinking “crazy British scientists”.

Field team treated to glorious weather for the boat sampling work

Granted an extra day to science with the news the cargo wouldn’t be picked up till later, we managed to grab some extra sites and rock various stylish waders to get some discharge measurements. A successful week, overseen by several curious reindeers visiting cabin lab to check out the work of BIOPOLE.

In a picture on the left:

Friendly Maurice the reindeer checking out the tasty grass next to cabin lab.

With boxes of samples to take back, and Alanna’s efficient packing, we managed to get the remaining cargo on one palette, leaving one palette spare…and as conscientious citizens not wanting to litter the Airbnb place, we decided it would make excellent fuel to finally be able to put the sauna to its proper use and have a fire in the firepit. Perfect way to finish up the week’s work before starting the long journey’s home with fingers crossed the samples arrive at the other end.

Celebratory pancakes

Till the next BIOPOLE campaign!

The author of the article –  Anna Belcher (UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology)

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BIOPOLE Paper of the Season 

The paper ‘Surface heat fluxes drive a two‐phase response in Southern Ocean mode water stratification’ was published in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans earlier this year.  This was led by Ciara Pimm (previously a PhD student at U. Liverpool, now based at WHOI) and included Andrew Meijers as a key BIOPOLE contributor.  This work contributes to WP3 as it covers the physical processes central to the Southern Ocean subduction of heat, carbon and other tracers and their subsequent export into the global ocean.   

The paper’s plain language summary reads:  

‘The Southern Ocean, surrounding the Antarctic continent, plays an important role in the uptake and transport of heat and carbon. Subantarctic mode waters, which are characterized by their low stratification, play an important role in this uptake of heat and carbon, and therefore the factors impacting their properties need to be properly understood. To understand how surface forcing affects Subantarctic mode waters, sensitivity studies are conducted in an ocean state estimate, which consider the relative importance of surface heat flux, freshwater flux, and wind stresses on the stratification of mode waters. Surface heat flux has the largest impact on mode water formation both on seasonal and longer interannual timescales. Initially, surface heat loss leads to a decrease in stratification in the mode waters. However, there is a delayed response where the surface temperature response is effectively damped by the atmosphere and there is an opposing-signed salinity response advected into the region, leading to a subsequent increase in stratification in the mode waters.’

The full paper may be (open) accessed here.   

A follow up study that looks in more dynamical detail at the processes responsible for this two phase response is presently under review. 

Figure 1 Annual-average potential vorticity (PV) for year 2011 (color shade in m−1 s−1) at 45° South with neutral density surface contours (kg m−3, white), with thicker contours [26.9, 27.0, 27.1] bounding areas of low PV over longitude (°) and depth (m). Subantarctic mode water is contained within the low PV waters within 26.8–27.2 kg m−3 (Sallée et al., 2010), with the Indian and Pacific formation sites labeled.

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BIOPOLE on KANG-GLAC Expedition

The KANG-GLAC expedition set out aboard RRS Sir David Attenborough (SDA) to East Greenland in July 2024 to study processes around marine terminating glaciers. The multidisciplinary scientific team contained experts in marine sediments, glaciology and geology alongside the more ocean-based sciences of physical and biological oceanography and biogeochemistry. Sampling for BIOPOLE was also allocated time to consider further aspects of nutrient dynamics and ecosystems processes. An ocean-ecosystems team, led by Clara Manno, and including Gabi Stowasser, Flo Atherden, Alena Sakovich, Luisa Patrolecco and Geraint Tarling used a combination series of nets, CTDs and floating sediment traps to sample physical, chemical and biological environment. Physical oceanographic measurements, including collection of isotopic tracer samples (e.g. O18), were carried out by Povl Abrahamsen and Bryony Freer while Rhiannon Jones sampled ocean sediments. There was also a land team collecting mud and lake samples around glacial margins, led by Dave Roberts, alongside Iain Rudkin, Jonjo Knott, Tim Lane, Blair Fyffe and Lev Tarasov. Both the ocean and land sampling was focussed around the Kangerlussuaq system, which is a major outflow of one of the largest icecaps in Greenland and one that is experiencing one of the greatest rates of ice loss.  

Land-based sampling at glacial margins

The expedition was particularly unique in making use of the full capability of the SDA to manoeuvre scientists around this unique polar environment. As well as sampling from the SDA itself, a small but highly scientifically equipped launch was also used to sample right up to the edge of marine terminating glaciers. The land-based team used a helicopter, chartered from Air Greenland, to access the glacial margin environments. The use of aerial drones was also invaluable in obtaining a wider spatial context in which sampling efforts could be placed. A mooring containing physical and biogeochemical instrumentation, was sited within the outflow of the Kangerlussuaq system, to be retrieved in 12 months time so as to provide seasonal information.  

RRS Sir David Attenborough sampling close to a marine terminating glacier in an East Greenland fjord during the KANG-GLAC expedition

The small launch Erebus returning from sampling at a glacial front

Clara Manno said “this was a highly successful cruise from which the data and samples will provide a number of insights into how marine terminating glaciers influence ocean biogeochemistry and ecosystems”.  

The KANG-GLAC Bio team (left to right): Gabi Stowasser, Geraint Tarling, Luisa Patrolecco, Flo Atherden, Clara Manno and Alena Sakovich

The author of the article – Geraint Tarling (British Antarctic Survey)

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EDI at the SCAR Open Science Conference 2024 

The 11th Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) Open Science Conference was held in August 2024 in Pucón, Chile. Around 1,500 international scientists, educators, and policy makers engaged in a week of talks, meetings, and workshops. EDI topics were well represented, including the first ever EDI themed plenary in the history of the OSC, parallel sessions, a workshop, and the newly formed ‘SCAR EDI Action Group’ business meeting. The UK was represented by members of the Diversity in UK Polar Science steering committee, including members of BIOPOLE. 

The theme of the EDI session “Is Antarctic science ready to help tackle urgent global issues? Perspectives on strengthening equitable science communities” included talks on historic discrimination against women in Antarctic science, the values of present day national and international programmes, the perspectives of early career researchers and how to widen participation in polar science. Discussions included the structural problems facing the international community including language barriers and socioeconomic and cultural differences. The workshop “Synergistic approach to addressing DEI issues; learning from different contextual initiatives” gave participants a chance to describe how these issues impact current and emerging polar researchers. A recurrent theme across the conference was how western-centric most EDI (and other) activities are and how this needs addressing. 

The highlight of the entire conference for many was the final plenary talk by Professor Meredith Nash “The reckoning: how #MeTooAntarctica is changing fieldwork”. This lecture, supported by the SCAR EDI Action Group, traced the conditions that gave rise to #MeTooAntarctica and Meredith’s experiences working with women around the world involved in the movement, often at significant personal cost. This powerful talk, delivered for 45 minutes without slides, captivated the entire audience with a thought provoking and often shocking description of a culture of sexual harassment within Australian polar science. Meredith ended with leading practice recommendations for National Antarctic Programs to productively seize the opportunity for robust prevention and response measures that underpin safe and respectful fieldwork environments. The talk received a standing ovation and sparked important and ongoing conversations within the international audience.  

The full talk can be viewed below but please be aware that it contains themes that could be upsetting.

The authors of the article – Huw Griffiths and Pilvi Saarikoski from British Antarctic Survey 

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Meet the Team

Sammie Buzzard 

  • Please introduce yourself 

I’m Sammie Buzzard, I’m an assistant professor at Northumbria University where I’m part of the Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling (CPOM). My background is in maths, and I became interested in the polar regions during my undergraduate degree at the University of Exeter. This led to a PhD at the University of Reading’s Department of Meteorology modelling Antarctica’s ice shelves, and I’ve worked in glaciology ever since, including some time spent at Georgia Tech in the US, before I joined Northumbria last year. 

  • What do you do within BIOPOLE?   

I’ll be leading up CPOM’s contribution to BIOPOLE so this will involve working across work packages and proving the contributions each work package needs (mostly Earth Observation data), as well as hopefully identifying some additional ways CPOM can contribute to BIOPOLE. 

  • What have you enjoyed about BIOPOLE so far? 

I’ve only just taken on this role for CPOM, but I’m excited to join the team and work across disciplines and expand my own knowledge of biogeochemistry and ecosystems, both areas I don’t get much chance to work in, but I think are incredibly important and interesting. 

  • Tell us about a skill or trait unique to you that you would like to share? 

The impact of the fashion industry on our planet is pretty scary so I spend a lot of my spare time making and recycling clothes to reduce waste, but I also really appreciate the scenery of the North East and do lots of trail running with my dog, the longer and hillier the better! 

Dr Sammie Buzzard from Northumbria University 

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BIOPOLE Svalbard Field Campaign – Ny-Ålesund II

Kate Hendry (BAS) , Nathan Callaghan (UKCEH) and project partner Katie Howe (Dauphin Island Sea Lab) headed (back) to Ny-Ålesund in mid-July 2024 for the second instalment of the BIOPOLE Svalbard field campaign, joint with fieldwork for Kate’s NERC Pushing the Frontiers grant Silicon Cycling in Glaciated Environments (SiCLING) .

The overall aim of the BIOPOLE Svalbard campaign was to assess the flux of organic and inorganic nutrients into Kongsfjorden, the glaciated fjord near Ny-Ålesund. In 2023, the BIOPOLE Arctic team sampled a range of glacial and non-glacial rivers and fjord waters, and these samples have been analysed for a whole suite of nutrients, organic components and other elements.

Following last year’s successes, this year the BIOPOLE team wanted to focus on measuring the water flux from the different catchments. For this, Nathan used a method called ‘salt gauging’ (with Kate and Katie watching out for polar bears). Salt gauging involves placing conductivity loggers downstream, before adding a ‘spike’ of salt solution to a river upstream: the loggers can detect the increase in saltiness and their response can be used to determine the water flow rate. We were able to cover all the rivers that were analysed last year, with the exception of those that had dried up.

For the SiCLING project, the team collected river and fjord waters and marine sediments for geochemical analyses, to investigate the interaction between silicon and other nutrients and trace metals in glaciated environments. The samples will be shipped back to the UK and USA for analysis. In addition to using the UK boat for sampling waters, the team were also able to work on the King’s Bay R/V Teisten on two days to sample sediments from the fjord floor.

The BIOPOLE/SiCLING team would like to thank Paul Samways and Iain Rudkin (station managers at the UK NERC Arctic Station), the captains of the R/V Teisten, James Bradley, Bill Orsi, and Juan-Carlos Trejos for their help, as well as everyone from King’s Bay for all their support.

The authors of the article – Kate Hendry from British Antarctic Survey and Nathan Callaghan from UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology

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Meet the Team 

Andrew Yool

  • Please introduce yourself.

I’m a marine biogeochemistry modeller working within the Marine Systems Modelling team at the National Oceanography Centre (NOC) in Southampton.  

  • Tell us about your professional and academic career before becoming part of the BIOPOLE Community. 

Way back in the last century, I originally trained as a real biologist working across the botany and zoology groups at the University of Dundee. However, I’d also always enjoyed mathematics at school, so when I came to pick a doctorate, I chose a marine ecology modelling project at the University of Warwick – well-known for its proximity to the ocean! After completing that, I was lucky enough to get a position at NOC, working with the Great God of Plankton Modelling, Mike Fasham, on large-scale carbon cycle modelling. I’ve been here ever since, gradually moving from work using simpler models (GENIE) through ocean general circulation models (OCCAM, NEMO) to Earth system models (UKESM1). 

  • What do you do within BIOPOLE?   

I’m involved in two parts of WP3 of BIOPOLE. The first is focused on adding the process of diapause to the large zooplankton of MEDUSA, the marine biogeochemistry model that I lead development of at NOC. This process essentially allows zooplankton such as copepods to hibernate in relative safety away from the risky surface ocean. Because of this, it’s implicated in the transfer of carbon to the deep ocean, and we’d like to quantify just how important it is for this. That said, although I’m leading this work, it’s my NOC colleague – Julien Palmieri – who’s actually doing the hard work of coding and testing the diapause model that I’ve designed. Separately, and based in part on my experience with the UK’s Earth system model, UKESM1, I’m assisting with a separate WP3 modelling activity to understand nutrient import/export from the polar regions and the potential effects on productivity at lower latitudes. 

  • What have you enjoyed about BIOPOLE so far? 

It’s a cliché, but it’s mostly been about the people so far for me. Although there’s a lot of sloshing about in UK oceanography, and I have tended to bump into many people down the years, I’m finding myself working with new colleagues in BIOPOLE. Partly it’s down to the greater biological focus of my involvement with the project, but a big dollop of luck has been important too. And I’ve really enjoyed meeting and interacting with my new colleagues. Particularly around designing the diapause model that we’re building for BIOPOLE, we’ve really benefitted from having the team around us that the project has assembled. 

  • Tell us about a skill or trait unique to you that you would like to share? 

Largely for historical reasons, oceanography is a subject that draws people in from across the natural sciences – and, increasingly, from the social sciences too. As a result, there are a lot of unique people in the field in the UK today. All of which makes for a really enjoyably diverse group of people with wide-ranging experiences, skills and perspectives.  

Dr Andrew Yool from National Oceanography Centre